Primary Sources
Class is in session! Y’know, that class you never signed up for? This one. Primary Source citations for ancient history are very formulaic, even though there are variations depending on the source, so we thought that a quick overview might help. If anything it’ll be a great conversation starter at parties, especially if you want to make sure that it’s your last conversation at said party. Can you tell that Dustin is writing this by all the bad jokes? (If so, how dare you?) Anyway, when determining the citation formula for a primary source, consider the following things:
Episode 1: Intro
Primary (ancient) sources
Ancient sources
Ancient Sources:
Ancient Sources:
Ancient Sources:
Ancient stress
Modern Sources:
Modern stress.
Holidays.
24 hour days.
Dissertation.
Episode 8: Arrhidaeus and Eurydice
Ancient Sources:
Ancient Sources:
Ancient Sources:
Episode 11: Polyperchon
Ancient Sources:
Arrian Anabasis 2.12.2; 3.11.9; 4.22.1
Modern Sources:
Class is in session! Y’know, that class you never signed up for? This one. Primary Source citations for ancient history are very formulaic, even though there are variations depending on the source, so we thought that a quick overview might help. If anything it’ll be a great conversation starter at parties, especially if you want to make sure that it’s your last conversation at said party. Can you tell that Dustin is writing this by all the bad jokes? (If so, how dare you?) Anyway, when determining the citation formula for a primary source, consider the following things:
- Author name
- Specific body of work (in italics), often abbreviated
- Book numberChapter/poem number
- Section/line/verse number
- For authors with only one surviving body of work, you usually won’t see references the title of the actual work, but only the numeric citations of the book, chapter/poem, and section/line/verse (where appropriate).
- So, a reference to Polybius, book 6, chapter 10, section 3 would look like this:
- Plb. 6.10.3.
- Plb. 6.10.3.
- So, a reference to Polybius, book 6, chapter 10, section 3 would look like this:
- For authors who have multiple bodies of work attributed to them, or where their books have different titles, you’ll often see the name of specific work, then followed by the usual formula.
- Sometimes a specific title will still be composed of multiple books. Arrian, for example, has several works credited to his name, but a reference to his Anabasis (Expedition of Alexander), book 3, chapter 11, section 9 would look like this:
- Arr. Ana 3.11.9
- For a lot of biographers, however, (such as Suetonius, Plutarch, and Cornelius Nepos), each work is only divided into chapters and sections. So, Suetonius’ Life of Nero, chapter 34, section 1, would look like this:
- Suet. Nero 34.1.
- Suet. Nero 34.1.
- Sometimes a specific title will still be composed of multiple books. Arrian, for example, has several works credited to his name, but a reference to his Anabasis (Expedition of Alexander), book 3, chapter 11, section 9 would look like this:
- Poetry follows much the same patterns as those outlined above, but their numeric citations often refer to different poems and lines instead of specific chapters and sections. As above, sometimes poets (especially for the epics) have multiple works attributed to them by different titles, but others have only one collection and do not need to be specified by name.
- So, Homer’s Odyssey, book 3, lines 258 through 239, would look like this:
- Hom. Od. 3.239-258.
- As another example, Propertius’ book 4, poem 5, line 9, would look like this:
- Prop. 4.5.9
- So, Homer’s Odyssey, book 3, lines 258 through 239, would look like this:
- Similarly, for inscriptions, we commonly see references to the specific publication where an inscription is compiled (often there are multiple sources for this), followed by citations of specific inscriptions within a collection, column numbers (where appropriate) and lines/sections on the inscription.
- So, in the Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae (OGIS), the eight inscription, section C would look like this:
- OGIS 8.C
- OGIS 8.C
- So, in the Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae (OGIS), the eight inscription, section C would look like this:
- In all cases, wherever there is only one numeric citation, just assume that is refers to the line/section number.
- So, a citation of Photius, Library, section 82 looks like:
- Phot. 82.
- So, a citation of Photius, Library, section 82 looks like:
- If there are any questions on this or (*shudder*) if we’ve gotten something wrong, feel free to email us!
- Of course, initial cursory research may begin with relevant pages on Wikipedia, but (like a good scholar) this is always supplemented by primary (ancient) and secondary (modern) scholarship
- Lastly, if you need help deciphering all the abbreviations, we’re attaching an abbreviation guide from the Oxford Classical Dictionary.
Episode 1: Intro
- No sources, only gusto.... but also information absorbed over the years. Seriously, it was written from memory.
Primary (ancient) sources
- Justin 7.5
- Justinus, Marcus Justianus, Cornelius Nepos, Flavius Eutropius, and John Selby Watson. 1853. Epitome Historiarum Philippicarum Bohn's Classical Library. London.
- http://attalus.org/info/justinus.html
- Polybius 18.28-32.
- Polybius. 2012. The Histories, Volume V: Books 16-27. Translated by W. R. Paton. Revised by F. W. Walbank, Christian Habicht. Loeb Classical Library 160. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/18*.html
- Isocrates, To Philip, 154
- Isocrates. 1928. To Demonicus. To Nicocles. Nicocles or the Cyprians. Panegyricus. To Philip. Archidamus. Translated by George Norlin. Loeb Classical Library 209. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://anastrophe.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/perseus/citequery3.pl?dbname=GreekNov21&getid=1&query=Isoc.+5
- Demosthenes, Philippic 2.17-19
- Demosthenes. 1930. Orations, Volume I: Orations 1-17 and 20: Olynthiacs 1-3. Philippic 1. On the Peace. Philippic 2. On Halonnesus. On the Chersonese. Philippics 3 and 4. Answer to Philip's Letter. Philip's Letter. On Organization. On the Navy-boards. For the Liberty of the Rhodians. For the People of Megalopolis. On the Treaty with Alexander. Against Leptines. Translated by J. H. Vince. Loeb Classical Library 238. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://anastrophe.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/perseus/citequery3.pl?dbname=GreekNov21&getid=1&query=Dem.+6
- Plutarch Moralia, 511A
- Plutarch. 1939. Moralia, Volume VI: Can Virtue Be Taught? On Moral Virtue. On the Control of Anger. On Tranquility of Mind. On Brotherly Love. On Affection for Offspring. Whether Vice Be Sufficient to Cause Unhappiness. Whether the Affections of the Soul are Worse Than Those of the Body. Concerning Talkativeness. On Being a Busybody. Translated by W. C. Helmbold. Loeb Classical Library 337. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/De_garrulitate*.html
- Diodorus Siculus 16.86, 93-95.
- Diodorus Siculus. 1963. Library of History, Volume VIII: Books 16.66-17. Translated by C. Bradford Welles. Loeb Classical Library 422. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html
- Plutarch, Life of Alexander 9.5, 10.4.
- Plutarch. 1919. Lives, Volume VII: Demosthenes and Cicero. Alexander and Caesar. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library 99. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/3.html
- Andronikos, Manlios. 1979. “The Find from the Royal Tombs at Vergina.” Proceeding of the British Academy. 65: 355-367.
- Antikas, T. G. and L. K. Wynn-Antikas. 2015. “New Finds from the Cremains in Tomb II at Aegae Point to Philip II and a Scythian Princess.” International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 26.4: 682-692.
- Bartsiokas, Antonis, Juan-Luis Arsuaga, Elena Santos, Milagros Algaba, and Asier Gómez-Olivencia.” 2015. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112.32: 9844-9848.
- Borza, Eugene N. 1990. In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
- Hammond, N. G. L. 1994. Philip of Macedon. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Hatzopoulos, Milt. 2008. “The Burial of the Dead (at Vergina) or The Unending Controversy on the Identity of the Occupants of Tomb II.” Tekmeria 9: 91-118.
- Musgrave, Jonathan, A. J. N. W. Prag, Richard Neave, Robin Lane Fox, Hugh White. 2010. “The Occupants of Tomb II at Vergina Why Arrhidaios and Eurydice Must Be Excluded.” International Journal of Medical Sciences. 7.6
Ancient sources
- Plutarch, Life of Alexander, 2-15, 32-33, 43.3-6, 46.1, 50-52.6.
- Plutarch. 1919. Lives, Volume VII: Demosthenes and Cicero. Alexander and Caesar. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library 99. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/3.html
- Plutarch, Life of Demosthenes, 23.2.
- Plutarch. 1919. Lives, Volume VII: Demosthenes and Cicero. Alexander and Caesar. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library 99. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Demosthenes*.html
- Arrian, Anabasis, 1.11-16; 2.3, 14-26; 3.3, 14-15, 30; 4.7.3, 8.1-9.9.
- Arrian. 1976. Anabasis of Alexander, Volume I: Books 1-4. Translated by P. A. Brunt. Loeb Classical Library 236. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Pres
- Arrian. 1983. Anabasis of Alexander, Volume II: Books 5-7. Indica. Translated by P. A. Brunt. Loeb Classical Library 269. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983.
- NB: According to the Attalus.com, Arrian’s Indica is often printed as Book 8 of the Anabasis.
- https://attalus.org/info/arrian.html
- https://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/arrian-bookVIII-India.asp
- Curtius Rufus 4.1.7-14; 8.1.19-2.13.
- Quintus Curtius Rufus. 1946. History of Alexander, Volume I: Books 1-5. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library 368. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Quintus Curtius Rufus. 1946. History of Alexander, Volume II: Books 6-10. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library 369. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/curtius.html
- Justin 12.6.1-18
- Justinus, Marcus Justianus, Cornelius Nepos, Flavius Eutropius. 1853. Epitome Historiarum Philippicarum. Translated by John Selby Watson. Bohn's Classical Library: London.
- For a more modern translation, see Justinus, Marcus Junianus. 1997. Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus. Translated by John Yardley, and Waldemar Heckel. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/justinus.html
- Aelian Varia Historia, 12.14
- Aelian. 1997. Historical Miscellany. Translated by Nigel G. Wilson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/aelian/varhist12.xhtml
- https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/Alexander_the_Great/
- Chamoux, François. 2003. Hellenistic Civilization. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
- Nawotka, Krzysztof. 2010. Alexander the Great. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.
- Worthington, Ian. 2014. Alexander the Great: Man and God. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.
Ancient Sources:
- Arrian, Anab. 3.11.9; 7.18.4
- Arrian. 1976. Anabasis of Alexander, Volume I: Books 1-4. Translated by P. A. Brunt. Loeb Classical Library 236. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Pres
- Arrian. 1983. Anabasis of Alexander, Volume II: Books 5-7. Indica. Translated by P. A. Brunt. Loeb Classical Library 269. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983.
- https://attalus.org/info/arrian.html
- Arrian, FGrH. 155.1.3; 156.1.1-4, 11, 9.20-28, 33, 10.1-7
- Jacoby, Felix, and G Schepens. 1998. Die Fragmente Der Griechischen Historiker Continued. Leiden: Brill.
- https://attalus.org/translate/fgh.html#155.0
- Nepos Eumenes, 2.1-5, 3.1-2, 5.1
- Cornelius Nepos. 1929. On Great Generals. On Historians. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library 467. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://attalus.org/translate/nepos18.html
- Curtius Rufus, 10.6.1-9.21
- Quintus Curtius Rufus. 1946. History of Alexander, Volume II: Books 6-10. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library 369. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/curtius.html
- Diodorus Siculus 18.2-7.5, 16.1-3, 23.1-4, 25.3-27.2, 33.1-37.1; 19.93.5
- Diodorus Siculus. 1947. Library of History, Volume IX: Books 18-19.65. Translated by Russel M. Geer. Loeb Classical Library 377. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html
- Plutarch Life of Eumenes, 1.2-3.11, 5.1-3
- Plutarch. Lives, Volume VIII: Sertorius and Eumenes. Phocion and Cato the Younger. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library 100. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Plutarch Life of Alexander. 77.7-8
- Plutarch. 1919. Lives, Volume VII: Demosthenes and Cicero. Alexander and Caesar. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library 99. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/3.html
- Appian Syrica 52, 57
- Appian. 2019. Roman History, Volume III. Edited and translated by Brian McGing. Loeb Classical Library 4. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-the-syrian-wars/
- Appian Mithridatica 8
- Appian. 2019. Roman History, Volume III. Edited and translated by Brian McGing. Loeb Classical Library 4. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-the-mithridatic-wars/
- Pausanias 1.6.3, 7.1
- Pausanias. 1918. Description of Greece, Volume I: Books 1-2 (Attica and Corinth). Translated by W. H. S. Jones. Loeb Classical Library 93. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D3
- Justin 13.1.4-14.4.11
- Justinus, Marcus Justianus, Cornelius Nepos, Flavius Eutropius. 1853. Epitome Historiarum Philippicarum. Translated by John Selby Watson. Bohn's Classical Library: London.
- For a more modern translation, see Justinus, Marcus Junianus. 1997. Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus. Translated by John Yardley, and Waldemar Heckel. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/justinus.html
- Trogus, Prologues 13
- Justinus, Marcus Justianus, Cornelius Nepos, Flavius Eutropius. 1853. Epitome Historiarum Philippicarum. Translated by John Selby Watson. Bohn's Classical Library: London.
- For a more modern translation, see Justinus, Marcus Junianus. 1997. Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus. Translated by John Yardley, and Waldemar Heckel. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/justinus.html
- Lucian Macrobii, 13
- Lucian. 1913. Phalaris. Hippias or The Bath. Dionysus. Heracles. Amber or The Swans. The Fly. Nigrinus. Demonax. The Hall. My Native Land. Octogenarians. A True Story. Slander. The Consonants at Law. The Carousal (Symposium) or The Lapiths. Translated by A. M. Harmon. Loeb Classical Library 14. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://attalus.org/translate/macrobii.html
- Orosius 3.23.17-23
- Orosius, Paulus. 2010. Seven Books of History against the Pagans. Translated by A. T. Fear. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/orosius.html
- Frontinus Strategems, 4.7.20
- Frontinus. 1925. Stratagems. Aqueducts of Rome. Translated by C. E. Bennett, Mary B. McElwain. Loeb Classical Library 174. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/home.html
- Polyaenus. 4.18.1
- Polyaenus. 1974. Polyaenus's Stratagems of War. Translated by R Shepherd. Chicago: Ares.
- https://attalus.org/info/polyaenus.html
- Aelian Varia Historia 12.64
- Aelian. 1997. Historical Miscellany. Translated by Nigel G. Wilson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/aelian/varhist12.xhtml
- Strabo 17.794 (17.1.8)
- Strabo. 1932. Geography, Volume VIII: Book 17. General Index. Translated by Horace Leonard Jones. Loeb Classical Library 267. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/17A1*.html
- Memnon 4.3
- Jacoby, Felix. 2012. Die Fragmente Der Griechischen Historiker. Vol. Part I-III. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV.
- https://attalus.org/translate/memnon1.html
- Badian, Ernst. 1968. “A King’s Notebooks.” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 72: 183-204.
- Bosworth, A. B. 1990. Review of Alexander the Great and Bactria: The Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia, Frank Holt. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 110: 256-258.
- Erskine, Andrew. 2002. “Life After Death: Alexandria and the Body of Alexander.” Greece and Rome. 49: 163-179.
- Holt, Frank Lee. 1989. Alexander the Great and Bactria: The Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
- Meeus, Alexander. 2009. “Kleopatra and the Diadochoi.” In Faces of Hellenism, edited by by Peter van Nuffelen, 64-92: Leuven, Paris.
- Oldach, David W., Robert E. Richard, Eugene N. Borza, Michael R. Benitez. 1996. “A Mysterious Death.” New England Journal of Medicine. 338.24: 1764-1769.
- Romm, James S. 2011. Ghost on the Throne: The Death of Alexander the Great and the War for Crown and Empire. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
- Sidky, H. 2000. The Greek Kingdom of Bactria: From Alexander to Eucratides the Great. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.
Ancient Sources:
- Ps. Callisthenes 3.31
- Pseudo-Callisthenes. 1991. The Greek Alexander Romance. Translated by Richard Stoneman. London, England: Penguin Books.
- https://attalus.org/translate/alexander3d.html
- Justin 12.14.1-9; 13.2.14-6.8
- Justinus, Marcus Justianus, Cornelius Nepos, Flavius Eutropius. 1853. Epitome Historiarum Philippicarum. Translated by John Selby Watson. Bohn's Classical Library: London.
- For a more modern translation, see Justinus, Marcus Junianus. 1997. Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus. Translated by John Yardley, and Waldemar Heckel. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/justinus.html
- Arrian FGrH 155.1.4
- Jacoby, Felix, and G Schepens. 1998. Die Fragmente Der Griechischen Historiker Continued. Leiden: Brill.
- https://attalus.org/translate/fgh.html#155.0
- Diodorus 17.118.1-2; 18.12.2-17.5, 23.3-39.7, 48.1-49.3
- Diodorus Siculus. 1947. Library of History, Volume IX: Books 18-19.65. Translated by Russel M. Geer. Loeb Classical Library 377. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html
- Vitruvius 8.13.6
- Vitruvius. 1934. On Architecture, Volume II: Books 6-10. Translated by Frank Granger. Loeb Classical Library 280. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/home.html
- Valerius Maximus 1.7e.2
- Valerius Maximus. 2000. Memorable Doings and Sayings, Volume I: Books 1-5. Edited and translated by D. R. Shackleton Bailey. Loeb Classical Library 492. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://attalus.org/translate/valerius1b.html
- Curtius Rufus 10.7.9-10.18
- Quintus Curtius Rufus. 1946. History of Alexander, Volume II: Books 6-10. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library 369. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/curtius.html
- Pliny the Elder Historia Naturalis, 30.149
- Pliny. Natural History, Volume VIII: Books 28-32. Translated by W. H. S. Jones. Loeb Classical Library 418. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://archive.org/details/naturalhistory08plinuoft/page/278/mode/2up?view=theater
- Plutarch Moralia, 503A-B, 847B, 849B-C, F
- Plutarch. 1939. Moralia, Volume VI: Can Virtue Be Taught? On Moral Virtue. On the Control of Anger. On Tranquility of Mind. On Brotherly Love. On Affection for Offspring. Whether Vice Be Sufficient to Cause Unhappiness. Whether the Affections of the Soul are Worse Than Those of the Body. Concerning Talkativeness. On Being a Busybody. Translated by W. C. Helmbold. Loeb Classical Library 337. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
- Plutarch. 1936. Moralia, Volume X: Love Stories. That a Philosopher Ought to Converse Especially With Men in Power. To an Uneducated Ruler. Whether an Old Man Should Engage in Public Affairs. Precepts of Statecraft. On Monarchy, Democracy, and Oligarchy. That We Ought Not to Borrow. Lives of the Ten Orators. Summary of a Comparison Between Aristophanes and Menander. Translated by Harold North Fowler. Loeb Classical Library 321. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/De_garrulitate*.html
- https://attalus.org/translate/orators1.html
- Plutarch Life of Alexander, 77.1-4
- Plutarch. 1919. Lives, Volume VII: Demosthenes and Cicero. Alexander and Caesar. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library 99. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/3.html
- Plutarch Life of Phocon, 23.3-28.7.
- Plutarch. 1919. Lives, Volume VIII: Sertorius and Eumenes. Phocion and Cato the Younger. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library 100. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Phocion*.html
- Pausanias 1.1.3; 8.18.4-5
- Pausanias. 1918. Description of Greece, Volume I: Books 1-2 (Attica and Corinth). Translated by W. H. S. Jones. Loeb Classical Library 93. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Pausanias. 1933. Description of Greece, Volume III: Books 6-8.21 (Elis 2, Achaia, Arcadia). Translated by W. H. S. Jones. Loeb Classical Library 272. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D3
- http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D18%3Asection%3D4
- Arrian Anabasis, 7.27
- Arrian. 1983. Anabasis of Alexander, Volume II: Books 5-7. Indica. Translated by P. A. Brunt. Loeb Classical Library 269. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983.
- https://attalus.org/info/arrian.html
- Photius 82
- Photius. 1920. The Library of Photius. Translated by John Henry Freese. London: Society for promoting Christian knowledge.
- https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_03bibliotheca.htm
- Demosthenes Epistles, 6
- Demosthenes. 1949. Orations, Volume VII: Orations 60-61: Funeral Speech. Erotic Essay. Exordia. Letters. Translated by N. W. De Witt, N. J. De Witt. Loeb Classical Library 374. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Marmor Parium B.9
- Rotstein, Andrea. 2016. Literary History in the Parian Marble. Hellenic Studies Series 68. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies.
- http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebook:CHS_RotsteinA.Literary_History_in_the_Parian_Marble.2016.
- Hyperides 6.10-13
- Lycurgus, Dinarchus, Demades, Hyperides. 1954. Minor Attic Orators, Volume II: Lycurgus. Dinarchus. Demades. Hyperides. Translated by J. O. Burtt. Loeb Classical Library 395. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://anastrophe.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/perseus/citequery3.pl?dbname=GreekNov21&getid=1&query=Hyp.+6
- Orosus 3.23.16
- Orosius, Paulus. 2010. Seven Books of History against the Pagans. Translated by A. T. Fear. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/orosius.html
- Lucian Macrobii, 11
- Lucian. 1913. Phalaris. Hippias or The Bath. Dionysus. Heracles. Amber or The Swans. The Fly. Nigrinus. Demonax. The Hall. My Native Land. Octogenarians. A True Story. Slander. The Consonants at Law. The Carousal (Symposium) or The Lapiths. Translated by A. M. Harmon. Loeb Classical Library 14. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://attalus.org/translate/macrobii.html
- Errington, R. M. 2008. A History of the Hellenistic World. Blackwell.
- Meeus, Alexander. 2009. “Kleopatra and the Diadochoi.” In Faces of Hellenism, edited by by Peter van Nuffelen, 64-92: Leuven, Paris.
- Romm, James S. 2011. Ghost on the Throne: The Death of Alexander the Great and the War for Crown and Empire. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
- Waterfield, Robin. 2011. Dividing the Spoils: The War for Alexander the Great’s Empire.
Ancient Sources:
Ancient stress
Modern Sources:
Modern stress.
Holidays.
24 hour days.
Dissertation.
Episode 8: Arrhidaeus and Eurydice
Ancient Sources:
- Athenaeus 13.557c, 558a, 560F
- Athenaeus. The Learned Banqueters, Volume VI: Books 12-13.594b. Edited and translated by S. Douglas Olson. Loeb Classical Library 327. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
- https://attalus.org/old/athenaeus13a.html
- Justin 9.8.2; 14.5.1-10
- Justinus, Marcus Justianus, Cornelius Nepos, Flavius Eutropius. 1853. Epitome Historiarum Philippicarum. Translated by John Selby Watson. Bohn's Classical Library: London.
- For a more modern translation, see Justinus, Marcus Junianus. 1997. Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus. Translated by John Yardley, and Waldemar Heckel. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/justinus.html
- John Malalas 196
- Malalas, John. 2017. The Chronicle of John Malalas. Leiden: Brill.
- https://attalus.org/translate/malalas.html
- Eusebius Chronicon, 159-160, 229-231, 241-242, 246
- https://attalus.org/translate/eusebius.html
- Excerpta Barbari, 44A
- https://attalus.org/translate/barbari.html#44A
- Hieronymus Chronicle, 1693
- https://attalus.org/translate/jerome1.html
- Arrian FGrH 155.1.1-5, 23, 31-33, 2.2, 156.
- Jacoby, Felix, and G Schepens. 1998. Die Fragmente Der Griechischen Historiker Continued. Leiden: Brill.
- https://attalus.org/translate/fgh.html#155.0
- Plutarch Life of Alexander, 10.1-3, 77.5
- Plutarch. 1919. Lives, Volume VII: Demosthenes and Cicero. Alexander and Caesar. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library 99. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/3.html
- Plutarch Life of Eumenes, 13.1
- Plutarch. 1919. Lives, Volume VIII: Sertorius and Eumenes. Phocion and Cato the Younger. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library 100. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Eumenes*.html
- Plutarch Moralia, 791E
- Plutarch. 1936. Moralia, Volume X: Love Stories. That a Philosopher Ought to Converse Especially With Men in Power. To an Uneducated Ruler. Whether an Old Man Should Engage in Public Affairs. Precepts of Statecraft. On Monarchy, Democracy, and Oligarchy. That We Ought Not to Borrow. Lives of the Ten Orators. Summary of a Comparison Between Aristophanes and Menander. Translated by Harold North Fowler. Loeb Classical Library 321. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/An_seni_respublica_gerenda_sit*.html
- Sulpitius Severus 2.17
- Schaff, Philip, and Henry Wace, eds. 1890. A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church : Second Series. New York: Christian literature Company.
- https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_XI/Sulpitius_Severus/Sacred_History/Book_II/Chapter_17
- Diodorus Siculus: 18.2.1-4.7, 39.2-7, 54.1-4, 57.1-4, 68.1-3, 74.1-75.2; 19.11.1-7, 52.5.
- Diodorus Siculus. 1947. Library of History, Volume IX: Books 18-19.65. Translated by Russel M. Geer. Loeb Classical Library 377. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html
- Curtius Rufus 10.6.8-9.21
- Quintus Curtius Rufus. 1946. History of Alexander, Volume II: Books 6-10. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library 369. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/curtius.html
- Photius 92
- Photius. 1920. The Library of Photius. Translated by John Henry Freese. London: Society for promoting Christian knowledge.
- https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_03bibliotheca.htm
- Polyaenus 4.6.4; 8.60.1
- Polyaenus. 1974. Polyaenus's Stratagems of War. Translated by R Shepherd. Chicago: Ares.
- https://attalus.org/info/polyaenus.html
- Strabo 17.794 (17.1.8)
- Strabo. 1932. Geography, Volume VIII: Book 17. General Index. Translated by Horace Leonard Jones. Loeb Classical Library 267. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/17A1*.html
- Nepos Phocion, 3.3
- Cornelius Nepos. 1929. On Great Generals. On Historians. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library 467. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://attalus.org/translate/nepos19.html
- OGIS 8 (= IG 12.2.526)
- Dittenberger, Wilhelm. 1960. Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae : Supplementum Sylloges Inscriptionum Graecarum. Hildesheim: G. Olms.
- https://attalus.org/docs/ogis/s8.html
- Pausanias 1.11.3-4, 25.6; 8.7.7
- Pausanias. 1918. Description of Greece, Volume I: Books 1-2 (Attica and Corinth). Translated by W. H. S. Jones. Loeb Classical Library 93. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Pausanias. 1933. Description of Greece, Volume III: Books 6-8.21 (Elis 2, Achaia, Arcadia). Translated by W. H. S. Jones. Loeb Classical Library 272. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D1
- http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D7%3Asection%3D7Orosius 3.23.29-30
- Aelian Varia Historia 13.36
- Aelian. 1997. Historical Miscellany. Translated by Nigel G. Wilson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/aelian/varhist13.xhtml
- https://historyofmacedonia.wordpress.com/2006/12/26/etymology-of-the-100-most-famous-ancient-macedonian-names/
- Bartels, Jens. 2015. “Cynnane ‘The Illyrian’? The Perils of Onomastics.” The Classical Quarterly. 65.1: 384-387.
- Carney, Elizabeth. 1987. “Olympias.” Ancient Society. 18: 35-62.
- Carney, Elizabeth. 1987. “The Career of Adea-Eurydice.” Historia Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 36.4: 496-502.
- Cavarero, Adriana. 2014. Relating Narratives: Storytelling and Selfhood. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.
- Errington, R. M. 2008. A History of the Hellenistic World. Blackwell.
- Friedman, John Block. 2000. Orpheus in the Middle Ages. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
- Hotzopoulos, Miltiades. 2000. “‘L’histoire par les noms’ in Macedonia.” In Greek Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence, edited by E. Matthews, Simon Hornblower, and P. M. Fraser, pp. 99-117. Oxford.
- Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott. 1940. A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford.
- Macurdy, Grace H. 1927. “Queen Eurydice and the Evidence for Woman Power in Early Macedonia.” The American Journal of Philology. 48.3: 201-214.
- Stevens, John. 1986. Words and Music in the Middle Ages: Song, Narrative, Dance and Drama, 1050-1350. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Waterfield, Robin. 2011. Dividing the Spoils: The War for Alexander the Great’s Empire.
Ancient Sources:
- Appian Syrica 53, 57
- Appian. 2019. Roman History, Volume III. Edited and translated by Brian McGing. Loeb Classical Library 4. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-the-syrian-wars/
- Appian Mithridatica 8
- Appian. 2019. Roman History, Volume III. Edited and translated by Brian McGing. Loeb Classical Library 4. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-the-mithridatic-wars/
- Arrian, Anabasis 5.24.6, 7.4.6
- Arrian. 1983. Anabasis of Alexander, Volume II: Books 5-7. Indica. Translated by P. A. Brunt. Loeb Classical Library 269. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983.
- https://attalus.org/info/arrian.html
- Arrian, Fr. (FrGH 155.3.1-2, 4.1, 156) 1.11; 9.20-31; 10.7-10
- Jacoby, Felix, and G Schepens. 1998. Die Fragmente Der Griechischen Historiker Continued. Leiden: Brill.
- https://attalus.org/translate/fgh.html#155.0
- Cornelius Nepos, Eumenes
- Cornelius Nepos. 1929. On Great Generals. On Historians. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library 467. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://attalus.org/translate/nepos18.html
- Demosthenes, On the Chersonese
- Dem. Cher.; Demosthenes. 1930. Orations, Volume I: Orations 1-17 and 20: Olynthiacs 1-3. Philippic 1. On the Peace. Philippic 2. On Halonnesus. On the Chersonese. Philippics 3 and 4. Answer to Philip's Letter. Philip's Letter. On Organization. On the Navy-boards. For the Liberty of the Rhodians. For the People of Megalopolis. On the Treaty with Alexander. Against Leptines. Translated by J. H. Vince. Loeb Classical Library 238. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Diodorus Siculus 18.3.4, 16.1-3, 23-42.5, 50-61.3; 19.17.1-18.7, 24-31.3-5, 37.1-41.2, 59.3-4
- Diodorus Siculus. 1947. Library of History, Volume IX: Books 18-19.65. Translated by Russel M. Geer. Loeb Classical Library 377. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html
- Frontinus Strat. 4.7.34
- Frontinus. 1925. Stratagems. Aqueducts of Rome. Translated by C. E. Bennett, Mary B. McElwain. Loeb Classical Library 174. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/home.html
- Justin 13.5.10, 6.1, 10-17, 8.1-9; 14.2.6-12
- Justinus, Marcus Justianus, Cornelius Nepos, Flavius Eutropius, and John Selby Watson. 1853. Epitome Historiarum Philippicarum Bohn's Classical Library. London.
- http://attalus.org/info/justinus.html
- Lucian Macrobii 13
- Lucian. 1913. Phalaris. Hippias or The Bath. Dionysus. Heracles. Amber or The Swans. The Fly. Nigrinus. Demonax. The Hall. My Native Land. Octogenarians. A True Story. Slander. The Consonants at Law. The Carousal (Symposium) or The Lapiths. Translated by A. M. Harmon. Loeb Classical Library 14. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://attalus.org/translate/macrobii.html
- Orosius 3.23.17-25
- Orosius, Paulus. 2010. Seven Books of History against the Pagans. Translated by A. T. Fear. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/orosius.html
- Plutarch, Life of Eumenes
- Plutarch. Lives, Volume VIII: Sertorius and Eumenes. Phocion and Cato the Younger. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library 100. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Eumenes*.html
- Plutarch, Moralia 506D
- Plutarch. 1939. Moralia, Volume VI: Can Virtue Be Taught? On Moral Virtue. On the Control of Anger. On Tranquility of Mind. On Brotherly Love. On Affection for Offspring. Whether Vice Be Sufficient to Cause Unhappiness. Whether the Affections of the Soul are Worse Than Those of the Body. Concerning Talkativeness. On Being a Busybody. Translated by W. C. Helmbold. Loeb Classical Library 337. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/De_garrulitate*.html
- Polyaenus 4.6.11, 8.2-4
- Polyaenus. 1974. Polyaenus's Stratagems of War. Translated by R Shepherd. Chicago: Ares.
- https://attalus.org/info/polyaenus.html
- Strabo 12.537; 14.672
- Strabo. 1932. Geography, Volume VIII: Book 17. General Index. Translated by Horace Leonard Jones. Loeb Classical Library 267. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/17A1*.html
- Trogus Prologues 13
- Justinus, Marcus Justianus, Cornelius Nepos, Flavius Eutropius. 1853. Epitome Historiarum Philippicarum. Translated by John Selby Watson. Bohn's Classical Library: London.
- For a more modern translation, see Justinus, Marcus Junianus. 1997. Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus. Translated by John Yardley, and Waldemar Heckel. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/justinus.html
- https://drevlit.ru/converter_money_eng.html
- https://testamentpress.com/ancient-money-calculator.html
- Kebric, Robert B. 1977. In the Shadow of Macedon: Duris of Samos. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
- Errington, R. M. 2008. A History of the Hellenistic World. Blackwell.
- Romm, James S. 2011. Ghost on the Throne: The Death of Alexander the Great and the War for Crown and Empire. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Ancient Sources:
- Aelian NA 12.6Aelian, Claudius, and A. F Scholfield. 1959. On Animals. Vol. III. Loeb Classical Library, 449. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Arr. FGrH 155 (1.6-9; 2.2-3; 3.1-2) 156 (9.29-32; 11.43-45)
- Jacoby, Felix, and G Schepens. 1998. Die Fragmente Der Griechischen Historiker Continued. Leiden: Brill.
- https://attalus.org/translate/fgh.html#155.0
- Athen. 13.560f.
- Athenaeus. The Learned Banqueters, Volume VI: Books 12-13.594b. Edited and translated by S. Douglas Olson. Loeb
- https://attalus.org/old/athenaeus13a.html
- Claud. Ptol. Astr. Can. 3
- Wachsmuth, Kurt. 1895. Einleitung in das Studium der alten Geschichte. Leipzig.
- See esp. pp. 305-306.
- Ginzel, Friedrich Karl. 1906. Handbuch der Mathematischen Chronologie. Vol. 1. Leipzig.
- See esp. p. 139.
- Bickerman, E. J. 1968. Chronology of the Ancient World. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- See esp. p. 111.
- https://www.attalus.org/translate/chronicles.html#canon.0
- Wachsmuth, Kurt. 1895. Einleitung in das Studium der alten Geschichte. Leipzig.
- Curt. 10.6.9
- Quintus Curtius Rufus. 1946. History of Alexander, Volume II: Books 6-10. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library 369. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/curtius.html
- Diod. 9.49.1-51.6, 61.1; 17.118.2; 18.2.4, 18.6, 36.7, 39.7, 57.2-4, 65.3-66.3; 19.11.2-9, 35.3-6, 52.4, 105.1-4
- Diodorus Siculus. 1946. Library of History, Volume IV: Books 9-12.40. Translated by C. H. Oldfather. Loeb Classical Library 375. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Diodorus Siculus. Library of History, Volume VIII: Books 16.66-17. Translated by C. Bradford Welles. Loeb Classical Library 422. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Diodorus Siculus. 1947. Library of History, Volume IX: Books 18-19.65. Translated by Russel M. Geer. Loeb Classical Library
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html.
- Euseb. Chron. 231
- https://attalus.org/translate/eusebius.html
- Just. 14.5.9-10, 6.1-2, 6-13; 15.5.1
- Justinus, Marcus Justianus, Cornelius Nepos, Flavius Eutropius. 1853. Epitome Historiarum Philippicarum. Translated by John Selby Watson. Bohn's Classical Library: London.
- For a more modern translation, see Justinus, Marcus Junianus. 1997. Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus. Translated by John Yardley, and Waldemar Heckel. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/justinus.html
- Marm. Par. B14
- Rotstein, Andrea. 2016. Literary History in the Parian Marble. Hellenic Studies Series 68. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies.
- http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebook:CHS_RotsteinA.Literary_History_in_the_Parian_Marble.2016.
- Metz Epit. 70
- Metz Epitome, P. H. Thomas. 1960. Incerti auctoris epitoma rerum gestarum Alexandri Magni etc., Leipzig, Teubner
- https://digiliblt.uniupo.it/xtf/view?query=;brand=default;docId=dlt000166/dlt000166.xml
- Nepos Phoc. 3.1-4
- Cornelius Nepos. 1929. On Great Generals. On Historians. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library 467. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://www.attalus.org/translate/nepos19.html
- Nepos Eum. 61.1-5
- Cornelius Nepos. 1929. On Great Generals. On Historians. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library 467. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://www.attalus.org/translate/nepos18.html
- Oros. 3.23.21, 30-32
- Orosius, Paulus. 2010. Seven Books of History against the Pagans. Translated by A. T. Fear. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/orosius.html
- Paus. 1.11.3-4, 25.6; 9.7.2
- Pausanias. 1918. Description of Greece, Volume I: Books 1-2 (Attica and Corinth). Translated by W. H. S. Jones. Loeb Classical Library 93. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Pausanias. 1933. Description of Greece, Volume III: Books 6-8.21 (Elis 2, Achaia, Arcadia). Translated by W. H. S. Jones. Loeb Classical Library 272. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D11%3Asection%3D1
- http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D7%3Asection%3D7Orosius
- Plut. Alex. 77.2-6
- Plutarch. 1919. Lives, Volume VII: Demosthenes and Cicero. Alexander and Caesar. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Alexander*/3.html
- Plut. Eum. 13.1-2
- Plutarch. Lives, Volume VIII: Sertorius and Eumenes. Phocion and Cato the Younger. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library 100. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Eumenes*.html
- Plut. Phoc. 33.1-12
- Plutarch. 1919. Lives, Volume VIII: Sertorius and Eumenes. Phocion and Cato the Younger. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library 100. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Phocion*.html
- Plut. Pyrrh. 4.2
- Plutarch. 1920. Lives, Volume IX: Demetrius and Antony. Pyrrhus and Gaius Marius. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library 101. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pyrrhus*.html
- Polyaen. 4.11.3
- Polyaenus. 1974. Polyaenus's Stratagems of War. Translated by R Shepherd. Chicago: Ares.
- https://attalus.org/info/polyaenus.html
- Ps. Callisth. 3.17
- Pseudo-Callisthenes. 1991. The Greek Alexander Romance. Translated by Richard Stoneman. London, England: Penguin Books.
- https://attalus.org/translate/alexander3d.html
- Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum (SEG) 32.644
- Sel. Pap. 1.1.1
- Hunt, Arthur S, and C. C Edgar, eds. 1932. Select Papyri. The Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
- Strabo 17.794 (17.1.8)
- Strabo. 1932. Geography, Volume VIII: Book 17. General Index. Translated by Horace Leonard Jones. Loeb Classical Library 267. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/17A1*.html
- Trog. Prol. 14
- Justinus, Marcus Justianus, Cornelius Nepos, Flavius Eutropius. 1853. Epitome Historiarum Philippicarum.
- Translated by John Selby Watson. Bohn's Classical Library: London.
- For a more modern translation, see Justinus, Marcus Junianus. 1997. Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus. Translated by John Yardley, and Waldemar Heckel. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/justinus.html
- Adams, W. L. 1991. “Cassander, Alexander IV and the Tombs at Vergina.” The Ancient World. 22: 27-33
- Anson, Edward. 1986. “Diodorus and the Date of Triparadeisus.” The American Journal of Philology. 107.2: 208-217.
- Badian, Ernst. 2015. “Rhoxane II. Alexander’s Wife.” Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/rhoxane-alexander-wife (accessed on 06 April 2018).
- Bartsiokas, Antonis and Elizabeth Carney. 2008. “The Royal Skeletal Remains from Tomb I at Vergina.” Journal of the History of Hellenic Medicine. 18.34-36: 15-19.
- Bartsiokas, Antonis, Juan-Luis Arsuaga, Elena Santos, Milagros Algaba, and Asler Gómez-Olivencia. 2015. “The Lameness of King Philip II and Royal Tomb I at Vergina, Macedonia.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112.32: 9844-9848.
- Borza, Eugene. 1987. “The Royal Macedonian Tombs and the Paraphernalia of Alexander the Great.” Phoenix. 41.2: 105-121.
- Bosworth, A. B. 1971. “The Death of Alexander the Great: Rumour and Propaganda.” The Classical Quarterly. 21.1: 112-136.
- Bosworth, A. B. 1980. “Alexander and the Iranians.” Journal of Hellenistic Studies. 100: 1-21.
- Bosworth, A. B. 1993. “Perdiccas and the Kings.” The Classical Quarterly. 43.2: 420-427.
- Burstein, Stanley. 1977. “IG II2 561 and the Court of Alexander IV.” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 24: 223-225.
- Carney, Elizabeth. 1995. “Women and Basilea: Legitimacy and Female Political Action in Macedonia.” The Classical Journal. 90.4: 367-391.
- Carney, Elizabeth. 1996. “Alexander and the Persian Women.” The American Journal of Philology. 117.4: 563-583.
- Chisholm, Hugh. 1910. The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. 11th ed. Cambridge University Press.
- Chugg, Andrew Michael. 2007. The Quest for the Tomb of Alexander the Great. Bristol.
- Faklaris, Panayiotis. 1994. “Aegae: Determining the Site of the First Capital of the Macedonians.” American Journal of Archaeology. 98.4: 609-616.
- Habicht, Christian. 2009. The Hellenistic Monarchies: Selected Papers. The University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor (Orig. pub. as Habicht, Christian. 1973. “Literarische und epigraphische Überlieferung zur Geschichte Alexanders und seiner ersten Nachfolger.” In Akten des VI. internationalen Kongreßes fur griechische und lateinische Epigraphik. München).
- Hammond, N. G. L. 1991. “The Royal Tombs at Vergina: Evolution and Identities.” The Annual of the British School at Athens. 86: 69-82.
- Heckel, Waldemar. 1980. “IG II2 561 and the Status of Alexander the IV.” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 40: 249-250.
- Leprohon, Ronald. 2013. The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary. Edited by Denise Doxey. Society of Biblical Literature.
- Loube, Heather. 1995. “The Metz Epitome: Alexander (July, 300 B.C. – July, 325 B.C.): A Commentary.” MA Thesis. University of Ottawa.
- Liddel, Henry George, Henry Stuart Jones, and Robert Scott. 1976. Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- on alexein, https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)le/cw.
- on aner, https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)nh/r.
- MacUrdy, Grace. 1932. “Roxane and Alexander IV in Epirus.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 52.2: 256-261.
- Musgrave, Jonathan, A. J. N. W. Prag, Richard Neave, Robin Lane Fox, Hugh White. 2010. “The Occupants of Tomb II at Vergina. Why Arrhidaios and Eurydice must be excluded.” 7(6): 1-15.
- https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/150720-philip-macedon-alexander-the-great-dad-greece-archaeology?loggedin=true&rnd=1686339229679
- Tarn, W. W. 1927. “The Heritage of Alexander.” In The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 6: Macedon (401-301 B.C.). Cambridge University Press.
- https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1490/the-royal-macedonian-tombs-at-vergina/
Episode 11: Polyperchon
Ancient Sources:
Arrian Anabasis 2.12.2; 3.11.9; 4.22.1
- Arrian. 1976. Anabasis of Alexander, Volume I: Books 1-4. Translated by P. A. Brunt. Loeb Classical Library 236. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Pres
- https://attalus.org/info/arrian.html
- Athenaeus 4.155c-d; 13.560f
- Athenaeus. The Learned Banqueters, Volume VI: Books 12-13.594b. Edited and translated by S. Douglas Olson. Loeb Classical Library 327. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
- https://attalus.org/old/athenaeus13a.html
- Curtius Rufus 4.13.7-10; 8.5-6
- Quintus Curtius Rufus. 1946. History of Alexander, Volume I: Books 1-5. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library 368. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Quintus Curtius Rufus. 1946. History of Alexander, Volume II: Books 6-10. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library 369. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/curtius.html
- Diodorus Siculus 17.57.2; 18.13, 16, 24-25, 38, 48-49, 54-57, 64-67, 69-75; 19.11, 25, 35-36, 53, 57, 60-61, 64, 67, 74, 105; 20.20, 28, 100.
- Diodorus Siculus. 1963. Library of History, Volume VIII: Books 16.66-17. Translated by C. Bradford Welles. Loeb Classical Library 422. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html
- Diodorus Siculus. 1947. Library of History, Volume IX: Books 18-19.65. Translated by Russel M. Geer. Loeb Classical Library 377. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html
- FGrH 155.1.5
- Jacoby, Felix, and G Schepens. 1998. Die Fragmente Der Griechischen Historiker Continued. Leiden: Brill.
- https://attalus.org/translate/fgh.html#155.0
- Justin 13.6.9; 14.5.3-4, 6.2; 15.2.3, 5.9-10
- Justinus, Marcus Justianus, Cornelius Nepos, Flavius Eutropius. 1853. Epitome Historiarum Philippicarum. Translated by John Selby Watson. Bohn's Classical Library: London.
- For a more modern translation, see Justinus, Marcus Junianus. 1997. Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus. Translated by John Yardley, and Waldemar Heckel. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/justinus.html
- Lycophron 801-804
- Callimachus, Aratus, and Lycophron. 1921. Hymns and Epigrams. Lycophron: Alexandra. Aratus: Phaenomena. Translated by A. W Mair and G. R Mair. Loeb Classical Library, Lcl129. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://www.loebclassics.com/view/lycophron-alexandra/1921/pb_LCL129.321.xml
- Marm. Par. B.13, 14, 18
- Rotstein, Andrea. 2016. Literary History in the Parian Marble. Hellenic Studies Series 68. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies.
- http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebook:CHS_RotsteinA.Literary_History_in_the_Parian_Marble.2016.
- Nepos Phocion 2-4
- Cornelius Nepos. 1929. On Great Generals. On Historians. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library 467. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://attalus.org/translate/nepos19.html
- OGIS 4.A.23-25; 5
- Dittenberger, Wilhelm. 1960. Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae: Supplementum Sylloges Inscriptionum Graecarum. Hildesheim: G. Olms.
- https://attalus.org/docs/ogis/s8.html
- Orosius 3.23.29-31, 38
- Orosius, Paulus. 2010. Seven Books of History against the Pagans. Translated by A. T. Fear. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/orosius.html
- Pausanias 1.11.3, 25.6; 9.7.2
- Pausanias. 1918. Description of Greece, Volume I: Books 1-2 (Attica and Corinth). Translated by W. H. S. Jones. Loeb Classical Library 93. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Pausanias. 1935. Description of Greece, Volume IV: Books 8.22-10 (Arcadia, Boeotia, Phocis and Ozolian Locri). Translated by W. H. S. Jones. Loeb Classical Library 297. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
- http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D3
- Plutarch Eumenes 5.1, 13.1
- Plutarch. Lives, Volume VIII: Sertorius and Eumenes. Phocion and Cato the Younger. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library 100. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Eumenes*.html
- Plutarch Moralia 184C, 503C-D
- Plutarch.1931. Moralia, Volume III: Sayings of Kings and Commanders. Sayings of Romans. Sayings of Spartans. The Ancient Customs of the Spartans. Sayings of Spartan Women. Bravery of Women. Translated by Frank Cole Babbitt. Loeb Classical Library 245. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Plutarch. 1939. Moralia, Volume VI: Can Virtue Be Taught? On Moral Virtue. On the Control of Anger. On Tranquility of Mind. On Brotherly Love. On Affection for Offspring. Whether Vice Be Sufficient to Cause Unhappiness. Whether the Affections of the Soul are Worse Than Those of the Body. Concerning Talkativeness. On Being a Busybody. Translated by W. C. Helmbold. Loeb Classical Library 337. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://attalus.org/translate/sayings1.html#nr155
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/De_garrulitate*.html
- Plutarch Phocion 31.1-2, 32.1-2
- Plutarch. 1919. Lives, Volume VIII: Sertorius and Eumenes. Phocion and Cato the Younger. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library 100. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Phocion*.html
- Plutarch Pyrrhus 8.7
- Plutarch. 1920. Lives, Volume IX: Demetrius and Antony. Pyrrhus and Gaius Marius. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library 101. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pyrrhus*.html
- Polyaenus 4.6.8, 14.1
- Polyaenus. 1974. Polyaenus's Stratagems of War. Translated by R Shepherd. Chicago: Ares.
- https://attalus.org/info/polyaenus.html
- Polybius 9.30.3
- Polybius. 2011. The Histories, Volume IV: Books 9-15. Translated by W. R. Paton. Revised by F. W. Walbank, Christian Habicht. Loeb Classical Library 159. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/9*.html
- Trog. Prol. 14
- Justinus, Marcus Justianus, Cornelius Nepos, Flavius Eutropius. 1853. Epitome Historiarum Philippicarum. Translated by John Selby Watson. Bohn's Classical Library: London.
- For a more modern translation, see Justinus, Marcus Junianus. 1997. Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus. Translated by John Yardley, and Waldemar Heckel. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- https://attalus.org/info/justinus.html
- Xenophon, Anabasis 1.2.7-9, 4.10; 2.4.14-16
- Xenophon. Anabasis. Translated by Carleton L. Brownson. Revised by John Dillery. Loeb Classical Library 90. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0202
- Suda A.2704; D.333
- Adler, Ada. 1971. Suidae Lexicon. Lexicographi Graeci. Stuttgart: In aedibus B.G. Teubneri.
- https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/alpha/2704
- https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/delta/333
Modern Sources:
- https://www.army.mil/ranks/?from=features.
- https://www.etymonline.com/word/paradise
- https://historyofmacedonia.wordpress.com/2006/12/26/etymology-of-the-100-most-famous-ancient-macedonian-names/
- https://testamentpress.com/ancient-money-calculator.html
- Ashley, James. 1998. The Macedonian Empire: The Era of Warfare under Philip II and Alexander the Great. 359-323 B.C. Macfarland.
- Billows, Richard. 1990. Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State. University of California Press.
- Carney, Elizabeth. 2014. “Successful Mediocrity: The Career of Polyperchon.” Syllecta Classica. 25: 1-31.
- Green, Peter. 1993. Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age. University of California Press: Berkeley.
- Rosiman, Joseph. 2012. Alexander’s Veterans and the Early Wars of the Successors. University of Texas Press, Austin.